CHAPTER 27
Friday, 15.vii
Judge Iversen banged his gavel at 12.30 and decreed that
district court proceedings were thereby resumed. He
noticed that a third person had appeared at Advokat
Giannini’s table. It was Holger Palmgren in a wheelchair.
“Hello, Holger,” Judge Iversen said. “I haven’t seen you in a
courtroom in quite a while.”
“Good day to you, Judge Iversen. Some cases are so
complicated that these younger lawyers need a little
complicated that these younger lawyers need a little
assistance.”
“I thought you had retired.”
“I’ve been ill. But Advokat Giannini engaged me as
assistant counsel in this case.”
“I see.”
Giannini cleared her throat.
“It is germane to the case that Advokat Palmgren was until
his illness Lisbeth Salander’s guardian.”
“I have no intention of commenting on that matter,” Judge
Iversen said.
He nodded to Giannini to begin and she stood up. She had
always disliked the Swedish tradition of carrying on court
proceedings informally while sitting around a table, almost
as though the occasion were a dinner party. She felt better
when she could speak standing up.
“I think we should begin with the concluding comments from
this morning. Dr Teleborian, what leads you so consistently
to dismiss as untrue everything that Lisbeth Salander
says?”
“Because her statements so obviously are untrue,” replied
Teleborian.
He was relaxed. Giannini turned to the judge.
“Judge Iverson, Dr Teleborian claims that Lisbeth Salander
tells lies and that she fantasizes. The defence will now
demonstrate that every word in her autobiography is true.
We will present copious documentation, both visual and
written, as well as the testimony of witnesses. We have now
reached the point in this trial when the prosecutor has
presented the principal elements of his case … We have
listened and we now know the exact nature of the
accusations against Lisbeth Salander.”
Giannini’s mouth was suddenly dry and she felt her hands
shake. She took a deep breath and sipped her mineral
water. Then she placed her hands in a firm grip on the
back of the chair so that they would not betray her
nervousness.
“From the prosecutor’s presentation we may conclude that
he has a great many opinions but a woeful shortage of
evidence. He believes that Lisbeth Salander shot Carl-Magnus Lundin in Stallarholmen. He claims that she went
to Gosseberga to kill her father. He assumes that my client
is a paranoid schizophrenic and mentally ill in every sense.
And he bases this assumption on information from a single
source, to wit, Dr Peter Teleborian.”
source, to wit, Dr Peter Teleborian.”
She paused to catch her breath and forced herself to
speak slowly.
“As it now stands, the case presented by the prosecutor
rests on the testimony of Dr Teleborian. If he is right, then
my client would be best served by receiving the expert
psychiatric care that both he and the prosecutor are
seeking.”
Pause.
“But if Dr Teleborian is wrong, this prosecution case must
be seen in a different light. Furthermore, if he is lying, then
my client is now, here in this courtroom, being subjected to
a violation of her civil rights, a violation that has gone on
for many years.”
She turned to face Ekström.
“What we shall do this afternoon is to show that your
witness is a false witness, and that you as prosecutor have
been deceived into accepting these false testimonies.”
Teleborian flashed a smile. He held out his hands and
nodded to Giannini, as if applauding her presentation.
Giannini now turned to the judge.
“Your honour. I will show that Dr Teleborian’s so-called
forensic psychiatric investigation is nothing but a deception
from start to finish. I will show that he is lying about Lisbeth
Salander. I will show that my client has in the past been
subjected to a gross violation of her rights. And I will show
that she is just as sane and intelligent as anyone in this
room.”
“Excuse me, but—” Ekström began.
“Just a moment.” She raised a finger. “I have for two days
allowed you to talk uninterrupted. Now it’s my turn.”
She turned back to Judge Iversen.
“I would not make so serious an accusation before the
court if I did not have ample evidence to support it.”
“By all means, continue,” the judge said. “But I don’t want
to hear any long-winded conspiracy theories. Bear in mind
that you can be charged with slander for statements that
are made before a court.”
“Thank you. I will bear that in mind.”
She turned to Teleborian. He still seemed entertained by
the situation.
“The defence has repeatedly asked to be allowed to
examine Lisbeth Salander’s medical records from the time
examine Lisbeth Salander’s medical records from the time
when she, in her early teens, was committed to your care
at St Stefan’s. Why have we not been shown those
records?”
“Because a district court decreed that they were classified.
That decision was made out of solicitude for Lisbeth
Salander, but if a higher court were to rescind that
decision, I would naturally hand them over.”
“Thank you. For how many nights during the two years that
Lisbeth Salander spent at St Stefan’s was she kept in
restraints?”
“I couldn’t recall that offhand.”
“She herself claims that it was 380 out of the total of 786
days and nights she spent at St Stefan’s.”
“I can’t possibly answer as to the exact number of days, but
that is a fantastic exaggeration. Where do those figures
come from?”
“From her autobiography.”
“And you believe that today she is able to remember
accurately each night she was kept in restraints? That’s
preposterous.”
“Is it? How many nights do you recall?”
“Lisbeth Salander was an extremely aggressive and
violence-prone patient, and undoubtedly she was placed in
a stimulus-free room on a number of occasions. Perhaps I
should explain the purpose of a stimulus-free room—”
“Thank you, that won’t be necessary. According to theory, it
is a room in which a patient is denied any sensory input
that might provoke agitation. For how many days and
nights did thirteen-year-old Lisbeth Salander lie strapped
down in such a room?”
“It would be … I would estimate perhaps on thirty occasions
during the time she was at the hospital.”
“Thirty. Now that’s only a fraction of the 380 that she
claims.”
“Undeniably.”
“Not even 10 per cent of her figure.”
“Yes …”
“Would her medical records perhaps give us more
accurate information?”
“It’s possible.”
“Excellent,” Giannini said, taking out a large sheaf of paper
from her briefcase. “Then I ask to be allowed to hand over
to the court a copy of Lisbeth Salander’s medical records
from St Stefan’s. I have counted the number of notes about
the restraining straps and find that the figure is 381, one
more than my client claims.”
Teleborian’s eyes widened.
“Stop … this is classified information. Where did you get
that from?”
“I got it from a reporter at Millennium magazine. It can
hardly be classified if it’s lying around a newspaper’s
offices. Perhaps I should add that extracts from these
medical records were published today in Millennium. I
believe, therefore, that even this district court should have
the opportunity to look at the records themselves.”
“This is illegal—”
“No, it isn’t. Lisbeth Salander has given her permission for
the extracts to be published. My client has nothing to hide.”
“Your client has been declared incompetent and has no
right to make any such decision for herself.”
“We’ll come back to her declaration of incompetence. But
first we need to examine what happened to her at St
first we need to examine what happened to her at St
Stefan’s.”
Judge Iversen frowned as he accepted the papers that
Giannini handed to him.
“I haven’t made a copy for the prosecutor. On the other
hand, he received a copy of this privacy-invading
document more than a month ago.”
“How did that happen?” the judge said.
“Prosecutor Ekström got a copy of these classified records
from Teleborian at a meeting which took place in his office
at 5.00 p.m. on Saturday, June 4 this year.”
“Is that correct?” Judge Iversen said.
Ekström’s first impulse was to deny it. Then he realized that
Giannini might somehow have evidence.
“I requested permission to read parts of the records if I
signed a confidentiality agreement,” Ekström said. “I had to
make sure that Salander had the history she was alleged
to have.”
“Thank you,” Giannini said. “This means that we now have
confirmation that Dr Teleborian not only tells lies but also
broke the law by disseminating records that he himself
claims are classified.”
“Duly noted,” said the judge.
Judge Iversen was suddenly very alert. In a most
unorthodox way, Giannini had launched a serious attack on
a witness, and she already made mincemeat of an
important part of his testimony. And she claims that she
can document everything she says. Judge Iversen adjusted
his glasses.
“Dr Teleborian, based on these records which you yourself
wrote … could you now tell me how many days Lisbeth
Salander was kept in restraints?”
“I have no recollection that it could have been so extensive,
but if that’s what the records say, then I have to believe it.”
“A total of 381 days and nights. Does that not strike you as
excessive?”
“It is unusually long … yes.”
“How would you perceive it if you were thirteen years old
and someone strapped you to a steel-framed bed for more
than a year? Would it feel like torture?”
“You have to understand that the patient was dangerous to
herself as well as to others—”
“O.K. Let’s look at dangerous to herself. Has Lisbeth
Salander ever injured herself?”
“There were such misgivings—”
“I’ll repeat the question: has Lisbeth Salander ever injured
herself? Yes or no?”
“As psychiatrists we must teach ourselves to interpret the
overall picture. With regard to Lisbeth Salander, you can
see on her body, for example, a multitude of tattoos and
piercings, which are also a form of self-destructive
behaviour and a way of damaging one’s own body. We can
interpret that as a manifestation of self-hate.”
Giannini turned to Salander.
“Are your tattoos a manifestation of self-hate?” she said.
“No,” Salander said.
Giannini turned back to Teleborian. “So you believe that I
am also dangerous to myself because I wear earrings and
actually have a tattoo in a private place?”
Palmgren sniggered, but he managed to transform the
snigger into a clearing of his throat.
“No, not at all … tattoos can also be part of a social ritual.”
“Are you saying that Lisbeth Salander is not part of this
social ritual?”
“You can see for yourself that her tattoos are grotesque
and extend over large parts of her body. That is no normal
measure of fetishism or body decoration.”
“What percentage?”
“Excuse me?”
“At what percentage of tattooed body surface does it stop
being fetishism and become a mental illness?”
“You’re distorting my words.”
“Am I? How is it that, in your opinion, it is part of a wholly
acceptable social ritual when it applies to me or to other
young people, but it becomes dangerous when it’s a matter
of evaluating my client’s mental state?”
“As a psychiatrist I have to look at the whole picture. The
tattoos are merely an indicator. As I have already said, it is
one of many indicators which need to be taken into
account when I evaluate her condition.”
Giannini was silent for a few seconds as she fixed
Teleborian with her gaze. She now spoke very slowly.
“But Dr Teleborian, you began strapping down my client
when she was twelve years old, going on thirteen. At that
time she did not have a single tattoo, did she?”
Teleborian hesitated and Giannini went on.
“I presume that you did not strap her down because you
predicted that she would begin tattooing herself sometime
in the future.”
“Of course not. Her tattoos had nothing to do with her
condition in 1991.”
“With that we are back to my original question. Did Lisbeth
Salander ever injure herself in a way that would justify
keeping her bound to a bed for a whole year? For
example, did she cut herself with a knife or a razor blade or
anything like that?”
Teleborian looked unsure for a second.
“No … I used the tattoos as an example of self-destructive
behaviour.”
“And we have just agreed that tattoos are a legitimate part
of a social ritual. I asked why you restrained her for a year
and you replied that it was because she was a danger to
herself.”
“We had reason to believe that she was a danger to
herself.”
“Reason to believe. So you’re saying that you restrained
her because you guessed something?”
“We carried out assessments.”
“I have now been asking the same question for about five
minutes. You claim that my client’s self-destructive
behaviour was one reason why she was strapped down for
a total of more than a year out of the two years she was in
your care. Can you please finally give me some examples
of the self-destructive behaviour she evidenced at the age
of twelve?”
“The girl was extremely undernourished, for example. This
was partially due to the fact that she refused food. We
suspected anorexia.”
“I see. Was she anorexic? As you can see, my client is
even today uncommonly thin and fine-boned.”
“Well, it’s difficult to answer that question. I would have to
observe her eating habits for quite a long time.”
“You did observe her eating habits – for two years. And
now you’re suggesting that you confused anorexia with the
fact that my client is small and thin. You say that she
refused food.”
refused food.”
“We were compelled to force-feed her on several
occasions.”
“And why was that?”
“Because she refused to eat, of course.”
Giannini turned to her client.
“Lisbeth, is it true that you refused to eat at St Stefan’s?”
“Yes.”
“And why was that?”
“Because that bastard was mixing psychoactive drugs into
my food.”
“I see. So Dr Teleborian wanted to give you medicine. Why
didn’t you want to take it?”
“I didn’t like the medicine I was being given. It made me
sluggish. I couldn’t think and I was sedated for most of the
time I was awake. And the bastard refused to tell me what
the drugs contained.”
“So you refused to take the medicine?”
“Yes. Then he began putting the crap in my food instead.
So I stopped eating. Every time something had been put in
my food, I stopped eating for five days.”
“So you had to go hungry.”
“Not always. Several of the attendants smuggled
sandwiches in to me on various occasions. One in
particular gave me food late at night. That happened quite
often.”
“So you think that the nursing staff at St Stefan’s saw that
you were hungry and gave you food so that you would not
have to starve?”
“That was during the period when I was battling with this
bastard over psychoactive drugs.”
“Tell us what happened.”
“He tried to drug me. I refused to take his medicine. He
started putting it in my food. I refused to eat. He started
force-feeding me. I began vomiting up the food.”
“So there was a completely rational reason why you
refused the food.”
“Yes.”
“It was not because you didn’t want food?”
“No. I was often hungry.”
“And since you left St Stefan’s … do you eat regularly?”
“I eat when I’m hungry.”
“Would it be correct to say that a conflict arose between
you and Dr Teleborian?”
“You could say that.”
“You were sent to St Stefan’s because you had thrown
petrol at your father and set him on fire.”
“Yes.”
“Why did you do that?”
“Because he abused my mother.”
“Did you ever explain that to anyone?”
“Yes.”
“And who was that?”
“I told the police who interviewed me, the social workers,
the children’s care workers, the doctors, a pastor, and that
bastard.”
bastard.”
“By ‘that bastard’ you are referring to …?”
“That man.” She pointed at Dr Teleborian.
“Why do you call him a bastard?”
“When I first arrived at St Stefan’s I tried to explain to him
what had happened.”
“And what did Dr Teleborian say?”
“He didn’t want to listen to me. He claimed that I was
fantasizing. And as punishment I was to be strapped down
until I stopped fantasizing. And then he tried to force-feed
me psychoactive drugs.”
“This is nonsense,” Teleborian said.
“Is that why you won’t speak to him?”
“I haven’t said a word to the bastard since the night I
turned thirteen. I was strapped to the bed. It was my
birthday present to myself.”
Giannini turned to Teleborian. “This sounds as if the
reason my client refused to eat was that she did want the
psychoactive drugs you were forcing upon her.”
“It’s possible that she views it that way.”
“And how do you view it?”
“I had a patient who was abnormally difficult. I maintain that
her behaviour showed that she was a danger to herself,
but this might be a question of interpretation. However, she
was violent and exhibited psychotic behaviour. There is no
doubt that she was dangerous to others. She came to St
Stefan’s after she tried to murder her father.”
“We’ll get to that later. For 381 of those days you kept her
in restraints. Could it have been that you used strapping as
a way to punish my client when she didn’t do as you said?”
“That is utter nonsense.”
“Is it? I notice that according to the records the majority of
the strapping occurred during the first year … 320 of 381
instances. Why was the strapping discontinued?”
“I suppose the patient changed her behaviour and became
less agitated.”
“Is it not true that your measures were considered
unnecessarily brutal by other members of staff?”
“How do you mean?”
“Is it not true that the staff lodged complaints against the
forcefeeding of Lisbeth Salander, among other things?”
“Inevitably people will arrive at differing evaluations. This is
nothing unusual. But it became a burden to force-feed her
because she resisted so violently—”
“Because she refused to take psychoactive drugs which
made her listless and passive. She had no problem eating
when she was not being drugged. Wouldn’t that have been
a more reasonable method of treatment than resorting to
forcible measures?”
“If you don’t mind my saying so, Fru Giannini, I am actually
a physician. I suspect that my medical expertise is rather
more extensive than yours. It is my job to determine what
medical treatments should be employed.”
“It’s true, I’m not a physician, Doctor Teleborian. However, I
am not entirely lacking in expertise. Besides my
qualifications as lawyer I was also trained as a psychologist
at Stockholm University. This is necessary background
training in my profession.”
You could have heard a pin drop in the courtroom. Both
Ekström and Teleborian stared in astonishment at Giannini.
She continued inexorably.
“Is it not correct that your methods of treating my client
eventually resulted in serious disagreements between you
eventually resulted in serious disagreements between you
and your superior, Dr Johannes Caldin, head physician at
the time?”
“No, that is not correct.”
“Dr Caldin passed away several years ago and cannot give
testimony. But here in the court we have someone who met
Dr Caldin on several occasions. Namely my assistant
counsel, Holger Palmgren.”
She turned to him.
“Can you tell us how that came about?”
Palmgren cleared his throat. He still suffered from the after-effects of his stroke and had to concentrate to pronounce
the words.
“I was appointed as trustee for Lisbeth Salander after her
mother was so severely beaten by Lisbeth’s father that she
was disabled and could no longer take care of her
daughter. She suffered permanent brain damage and
repeated brain haemorrhages.”
“You’re speaking of Alexander Zalachenko, I presume.”
Ekström was leaning forward attentively.
“That’s correct,” Palmgren said.
Ekström said: “I would ask you to remember that we are
now into a subject which is highly classified.”
“It’s hardly a secret that Alexander Zalachenko persistently
abused Lisbeth’s mother,” Giannini said.
Teleborian raised his hand.
“The matter is probably not quite as self-evident as Fru
Giannini is presenting it.”
“What do you mean by that?” Giannini said.
“There is no doubt that Lisbeth Salander witnessed a
family tragedy … that something triggered a serious
beating in 1991. But there is no documentation to suggest
that this was a situation that went on for many years, as
Fru Giannini claims. It could have been an isolated incident
or a quarrel that got out of hand. If truth be told, there is
not even any documentation to point towards Herr
Zalachenko as Lisbeth’s mother’s aggressor. We have
been informed that she was a prostitute, so there could
have been a number of other possible perpetrators.”
Giannini looked in astonishment at Teleborian. She
seemed to be speechless for a moment. Then her eyes
bored into him.
“Could you expand on that?” she said.
“What I mean is that in practice we have only Lisbeth
Salander’s assertions to go on.”
“And?”
“First of all, there were two sisters, twins in fact. Camilla
Salander has never made any such claims, indeed she has
denied that such a thing occurred. And if there was abuse
to the extent your client maintains, then it would naturally
have been noted in social welfare reports and so forth.”
“Is there an interview with Camilla Salander that we might
examine?”
“Interview?”
“Do you have any documentation to show that Camilla
Salander was even asked about what occurred at their
home?”
Salander squirmed in her seat at the mention of her sister.
She glanced at Giannini.
“I presume that the social welfare agency filed a report—”
“You have just stated that Camilla Salander never made
any assertions that Alexander Zalachenko abused their
mother, that on the contrary she denied it. That was a
mother, that on the contrary she denied it. That was a
categorical statement. Where did you get that information?
”
Teleborian sat in silence for several seconds. Giannini
could see that his eyes changed when he realized that he
had made a mistake. He could anticipate what it was that
she wanted to introduce, but there was no way to avoid the
question.
“I seem to remember that it appeared in the police report,”
he said at last.
“You seem to remember … I myself have searched high
and low for police reports about the incident on
Lundagatan during which Alexander Zalachenko was
severely burned. The only ones available are the brief
reports written by the officers at the scene.”
“That’s possible—”
“So I would very much like to know how it is that you were
able to read a police report that is not available to the
defence.”
“I can’t answer that,” Teleborian said. “I was shown the
report in 1991 when I wrote a forensic psychiatric report on
your client after the attempted murder of her father.”
“Was Prosecutor Ekström shown this report?”
Ekström squirmed. He stroked his goatee. By now he knew
that he had underestimated Advokat Giannini. However, he
had no reason to lie.
“Yes, I’ve seen it.”
“Why wasn’t the defence given access to this material?”
“I didn’t consider it of interest to the trial.”
“Could you please tell me how you were allowed to see this
report? When I asked the police, I was told only that no
such report exists.”
“The report was written by the Security Police. It’s
classified.”
“So Säpo wrote a report on a case involving grievous
bodily harm on a woman and decided to make the report
classified.”
“It’s because of the perpetrator … Alexander Zalachenko.
He was a political refugee.”
“Who wrote the report?”
Silence.
“I don’t hear anything. What name was on the title page?”
“It was written by Gunnar Björck from the Immigration
Division of S.I.S.”
“Thank you. Is that the same Gunnar Björck who my client
claims worked with Doctor Teleborian to fabricate the
forensic psychiatric report about her in 1991?”
“I assume it is.”
Giannini turned her attention back to Teleborian.
“In 1991 you committed Lisbeth Salander to the secure
ward of St Stefan’s children’s psychiatric clinic—”
“That’s not correct.”
“Is it not?”
“No. Lisbeth Salander was sentenced to the secure
psychiatric ward. This was the outcome of an entirely
routine legal action in a district court. We’re talking about a
seriously disturbed minor. That was not my own decision—”
“In 1991 a district court decided to lock up Lisbeth
Salander in a children’s psychiatric clinic. Why did the
district court make that decision?”
“The district court made a careful assessment of your
client’s actions and mental condition – she had tried to
murder her father with a petrol bomb, after all. This is not
an activity that a normal teenager would engage in,
whether they are tattooed or not.” Teleborian gave her a
polite smile.
“And what did the district court base their judgement on? If
I’ve understood correctly, they had only one forensic
medical assessment to go on. It was written by yourself and
a policeman by the name of Gunnar Björck.”
“This is about Fröken Salander’s conspiracy theories, Fru
Giannini. Here I would have to—”
“Excuse me, but I haven’t asked a question yet,” Giannini
said and turned once again to Palmgren. “Holger, we were
talking about your meeting Dr Teleborian’s superior, Dr
Caldin.”
“Yes. In my capacity as trustee for Lisbeth Salander. At that
stage I had met her only very briefly. Like everyone else, I
got the impression that she had a serious mental illness.
But since it was my job, I undertook to research her
general state of health.”
“And what did Dr Caldin say?”
“She was Dr Teleborian’s patient, and Dr Caldin had not
paid her any particular attention except in routine
paid her any particular attention except in routine
assessments and the like. It wasn’t until she had been
there for more than a year that I began to discuss how she
could be rehabilitated back into society. I suggested a
foster family. I don’t know exactly what went on internally at
St Stefan’s, but after about a year Dr Caldin began to take
an interest in her.”
“How did that manifest itself?”
“I discovered that he had arrived at an opinion that differed
from Dr Teleborian’s,” Palmgren said. “He told me once that
he had decided to change the type of care she was
receiving. I did not understand until later that he was
referring to the strap restraints. Dr Caldin had decided that
she should not be restrained. He didn’t think there was any
reason for it.”
“So he went against Dr Teleborian’s directives?”
Ekström interrupted. “Objection. That’s hearsay.”
“No,” Palmgren said. “Not entirely. I asked for a report on
how Lisbeth Salander was supposed to re-enter society. Dr
Caldin wrote that report. I still have it today.”
He handed a document to Giannini.
“Can you tell us what it says?”
“It’s a letter from Dr Caldin to me dated October 1992,
which is when Lisbeth had been at St Stefan’s for twenty
months. Here Dr Caldin expressly writes that, I quote, My
decision for the patient not to be restrained or force-fed
has also produced the noticeable effect that she is now
calm. There is no need for psychoactive drugs. However,
the patient is extremely withdrawn and uncommunicative
and needs continued supportive therapies. End quote.”
“So he expressly writes that it was his decision,” Giannini
said.
“That is correct. It was also Dr Caldin himself who decided
that Lisbeth should be able to re-enter society by being
placed with a foster family.”
Salander nodded. She remembered Dr Caldin the same
way she remembered every detail of her stay at St
Stefan’s. She had refused to talk to Dr Caldin … He was a
“crazy-doctor,” another man in a white coat who wanted to
rootle around in her emotions. But he had been friendly
and good-natured. She had sat in his office and listened to
him when he explained things to her.
He had seemed hurt when she did not want to speak to
him. Finally she had looked him in the eye and explained
her decision: I will never ever talk to you or any other
crazy-doctor. None of you listen to what I have to say. You
can keep me locked up here until I die. That won’t change
can keep me locked up here until I die. That won’t change
a thing. I won’t talk to any of you. He had looked at her with
surprise and hurt in his eyes. Then he had nodded as if he
understood.
“Dr Teleborian,” Giannini said, “we have established that
you had Lisbeth Salander committed to a children’s
psychiatric clinic. You were the one who furnished the
district court with the report, and this report constituted the
only basis for the decisions that were made. Is this correct?
”
“That is essentially correct. But I think—”
“You’ll have plenty of time to explain what you think. When
Lisbeth Salander was about to turn eighteen, you once
again interfered in her life and tried to have her locked up
in a clinic.”
“This time I wasn’t the one who wrote the forensic medical
report—”
“No, it was written by Dr Jesper H. Löderman. And he just
happened to be a doctoral candidate at that time. You were
his supervisor. So it was your assessments that caused the
report to be approved.”
“There’s nothing unethical or incorrect in these reports.
They were done according to the proper regulations of my
profession.”
“Now Lisbeth Salander is twenty-seven years old, and for
the third time we are in a situation in which you are trying to
convince a district court that she is mentally ill and must be
committed to a secure psychiatric ward.”
Teleborian took a deep breath. Giannini was well prepared.
She had surprised him with a number of tricky questions
and she had succeeded in distorting his replies. She had
not fallen for his charms, and she completely ignored his
authority. He was used to having people nod in agreement
when he spoke.
How much does she know?
He glanced at Prosecutor Ekström but realized that he
could expect no help from that quarter. He had to ride out
the storm alone.
He reminded himself that, in spite of everything, he was an
authority.
It doesn’t matter what she says. It’s my assessment that
counts.
Giannini picked up his forensic psychiatric report.
“Let’s take a closer look at your latest report. You expend a
great deal of energy analysing Lisbeth Salander’s
great deal of energy analysing Lisbeth Salander’s
emotional life. A large part deals with your interpretation of
her personality, her behaviour and her sexual habits.”
“In this report I have attempted to give a complete picture.”
“Good. And based on this complete picture you came to
the conclusion that Lisbeth suffers from paranoid
schizophrenia.”
“I prefer not to restrict myself to a precise diagnosis.”
“But you have not reached this conclusion through
conversations with my client, have you?”
“You know very well that your client resolutely refuses to
answer questions that I or any other person in authority
might put to her. This behaviour is in itself particularly
telling. One can conclude that the patient’s paranoid traits
have progressed to such an extent that she is literally
incapable of having a simple conversation with anyone in
authority. She believes that everyone is out to harm her
and feels so threatened that she shuts herself inside an
impenetrable shell and goes mute.”
“I notice that you’re expressing yourself very carefully. You
say, for example, that one can conclude …”
“Yes, that’s right. I am expressing myself carefully.
Psychiatry is not an exact science, and I must be careful
Psychiatry is not an exact science, and I must be careful
with my conclusions. At the same time it is not true that we
psychiatrists sit around making assumptions that have no
basis in fact.”
“What you are being very precise about is protecting
yourself. The literal fact is that you have not exchanged
one single word with my client since the night of her
thirteenth birthday because she has refused to talk to you.”
“Not only to me. She appears unable to have a
conversation with any psychiatrist.”
“This means that, as you write here, your conclusions are
based on experience and on observations of my client.”
“That’s right.”
“What can you learn by studying a girl who sits on a chair
with her arms crossed and refuses to talk to you?”
Teleborian sighed as though he thought it was irksome to
have to explain the obvious. He smiled.
“From a patient who sits and says nothing, you can learn
only that this is a patient who is good at sitting and saying
nothing. Even this is disturbed behaviour, but that’s not
what I’m basing my conclusions upon.”
“Later this afternoon I will call upon another psychiatrist.
His name is Svante Brandén and he’s senior physician at
the Institute of Forensic Medicine and a specialist in
forensic psychiatry. Do you know him?”
Teleborian felt confident again. He had expected Giannini
to call upon another psychiatrist to question his own
conclusions. It was a situation for which he was ready, and
in which he would be able to dismiss every objection
without difficulty. Indeed, it would be easier to handle an
academic colleague in a friendly debate than someone like
Advokat Giannini who had no inhibitions and was bent on
distorting his words. He smiled.
“He is a highly respected and skilled forensic psychiatrist.
But you must understand, Fru Giannini, that producing a
report of this type is an academic and scientific process.
You yourself may disagree with my conclusions, and
another psychiatrist may interpret an action or an event in
a different way. You may have dissimilar points of view, or
perhaps it would be a question purely of how well one
doctor or another knows the patient. He might arrive at a
very different conclusion about Lisbeth Salander. That is
not at all unusual in psychiatry.”
“That’s not why I’m calling him. He has not met or examined
Lisbeth Salander, and he will not be making any
evaluations about her mental condition.”
“Oh, is that so?”
“I have asked him to read your report and all the
documentation you have produced on Lisbeth Salander
and to look at her medical records from St Stefan’s. I have
asked him to make an assessment, not about the state of
my client’s health, but about whether, from a purely
scientific point of view, there is adequate foundation for
your conclusions in the material you recorded.”
Teleborian shrugged.
“With all due respect, I think I have a better understanding
of Lisbeth Salander than any other psychiatrist in the
country. I have followed her development since she was
twelve, and regrettably my conclusions were always
confirmed by her actions.”
“Very well,” Giannini said. “Then we’ll take a look at your
conclusions. In your statement you write that her treatment
was interrupted when she was placed with a foster family at
the age of fifteen.”
“That’s correct. It was a serious mistake. If we had been
allowed to complete the treatment we might not be here in
this courtroom today.”
“You mean that if you had had the opportunity to keep her
in restraints for another year she might have become more
tractable?”
“That is unworthy.”
“I do beg your pardon. You cite extensively the report that
your doctoral candidate Jesper Löderman put together
when she was about to turn eighteen. You write that, quote,
Lisbeth Salander’s self-destructive and antisocial behaviour
is confirmed by drug abuse and the promiscuity which she
has exhibited since she was discharged from St Stefan’s,
unquote. What did you mean by this statement?”
Teleborian sat in silence for several seconds.
“Well … now I’ll have to go back a bit. After Lisbeth
Salander was discharged from St Stefan’s she developed,
as I had predicted, problems with alcohol and drug abuse.
She was repeatedly arrested by the police. A social welfare
report also determined that she had had profligate sexual
relations with older men and that she was very probably
involved in prostitution.”
“Let’s analyse this. You say that she abused alcohol. How
often was she intoxicated?”
“I’m sorry?”
“Was she drunk every day from when she was released
until she turned eighteen? Was she drunk once a week?”
until she turned eighteen? Was she drunk once a week?”
“Naturally I can’t answer that.”
“But you have just stated that she had problems with
alcohol abuse.”
“She was a minor and arrested repeatedly by the police for
drunkenness.”
“That’s the second time you have said that she was
arrested repeatedly. How often did this occur? Was it once
a week or once every other week?”
“No, it’s not a matter of so many individual occasions …”
“Lisbeth Salander was arrested on two occasions for
drunkenness, once when she was sixteen, once when she
was seventeen. On one of those occasions she was so
blind drunk that she was taken to hospital. These are the
repeatedly you refer to. Was she intoxicated on more than
these occasions?”
“I don’t know, but one might fear that her behaviour was—”
“Excuse me, did I hear you correctly? You do not know
whether she was intoxicated on more than two occasions
during her teenage years, but you fear that this was the
case. And yet you write reports maintaining that Lisbeth
Salander was engaged in repeated alcohol and drug
Salander was engaged in repeated alcohol and drug
abuse?”
“That is the social service’s information, not mine. It has to
do with Lisbeth Salander’s whole lifestyle. Not surprisingly
her prognosis was dismal after her treatment was
interrupted, and her life became a round of alcohol abuse,
police intervention, and uncontrolled promiscuity.”
“You say ‘uncontrolled promiscuity’.”
“Yes. That’s a term which indicates that she had no control
over her own life. She had sexual relations with older men.”
“That’s not against the law.”
“No, but it’s abnormal behaviour for a sixteen-year-old girl.
The question might be asked as to whether she
participated in such encounters of her own free will or
whether she was in a situation of uncontrollable
compulsion.”
“But you said that she was very probably a prostitute.”
“That may have been a natural consequence of the fact
that she lacked education, was incapable of completing
school or continuing to higher education, and therefore
could not get a job. It’s possible that she viewed older men
as father figures and that financial remuneration for sexual
favours was simply a convenient spin-off. In which case I
favours was simply a convenient spin-off. In which case I
perceive it as neurotic behaviour.”
“So you think that a sixteen-year-old girl who has sex is
neurotic?”
“You’re twisting my words.”
“But you do not know whether she ever took money for
sexual favours.”
“She was never arrested for prostitution.”
“And she could hardly be arrested for it since prostitution is
not a crime in our country.”
“Well, yes, that’s right. In her case this has to do with
compulsive neurotic behaviour.”
“And you did not hesitate to conclude that Lisbeth
Salander is mentally ill based on these unverifiable
assumptions? When I was sixteen years old, I drank myself
silly on half a bottle of vodka which I stole from my father.
Do you think that makes me mentally ill?”
“No, of course not.”
“If I may be so bold, is it not a fact that when you were
seventeen you went to a party and got so drunk that you
all went out on the town and smashed the windows around
all went out on the town and smashed the windows around
the square in Uppsala? You were arrested by the police,
detained until you were sober, and then let off with a fine.”
Teleborian looked shocked.
“Is that not a fact, Dr Teleborian?”
“Well, yes. People do so many stupid things when they’re
seventeen. But—”
“But that doesn’t lead you – or anyone else – to believe
that you have a serious mental illness?”
Teleborian was angry. That infernal lawyer kept twisting his
words and homing in on details. She refused to see the
larger picture. And his own childish escapade … How the
hell had she got hold of that information?
He cleared his throat and spoke in a raised voice.
“The reports from social services were unequivocal. They
confirmed that Lisbeth Salander had a lifestyle that
revolved around alcohol, drugs and promiscuity. Social
services also said that she was a prostitute.”
“No, social services never said that she was a prostitute.”
“She was arrested at—”
“No. She was not arrested,” Giannini said. “She was
searched in Tantolunden at the age of seventeen when
she was in the company of a much older man. That same
year she was arrested for drunkenness. Also in the
company of a much older man. Social services feared that
she might be engaged in prostitution. But no evidence was
ever presented.”
“She had very loose sexual relations with a large number of
individuals, both male and female.”
“In your own report, you dwell on my client’s sexual habits.
You claim that her relationship with her friend Miriam Wu
confirms the misgivings about a sexual psychopathy. Why
does it confirm any such thing?”
Teleborian made no answer.
“I sincerely hope that you are not thinking of claiming that
homosexuality is a mental illness,” Giannini said. “That
might even be an illegal statement.”
“No, of course not. I’m alluding to the elements of sexual
sadism in the relationship.”
“You think that she’s a sadist?”
“I—”
“We have Miriam Wu’s statement here. There was, it says,
no violence in their relationship.”
“They engaged in S. & M. sex and—”
“Now I’m beginning to think you’ve been reading too many
evening newspapers. Lisbeth Salander and her friend
Miriam Wu engaged in sexual games on some occasions
which involved Miriam Wu tying up my client and giving her
sexual satisfaction. That is neither especially unusual nor is
it against the law. Is that why you want to lock up my client?
”
Teleborian waved a hand in a dismissive gesture.
“When I was sixteen and still at school I was intoxicated on
a good many occasions. I have tried drugs. I have smoked
marijuana, and I even tried cocaine on one occasion about
twenty years ago. I had my first sexual experience with a
schoolfriend when I was fifteen, and I had a relationship
with a boy who tied my hands to the bedstead when I was
twenty. When I was twenty-two I had a relationship with a
man who was forty-seven that lasted several months. Am I,
in your view, mentally ill?”
“Fru Giannini, you joke about this, but your sexual
experiences are irrelevant in this case.”
“Why is that? When I read your so-called psychiatric
assessment of Lisbeth Salander, I find point after point
assessment of Lisbeth Salander, I find point after point
which, taken out of context, would apply to myself. Why am
I healthy and sound while Lisbeth Salander is considered a
dangerous sadist?”
“These are not the details that are relevant. You didn’t
twice try to murder your father—”
“Dr Teleborian, the reality is that it’s none of your business
who Lisbeth Salander wants to have sex with. It’s none of
your business which gender her partner is or how they
conduct their sexual relations. And yet in her case you
pluck out details from her life and use them as the basis for
saying that she is sick.”
“Lisbeth Salander’s whole life – from the time she was in
junior school – is a document of unprovoked and violent
outbursts of anger against teachers and other pupils.”
“Just a moment.” Giannini’s voice was suddenly like an ice
scraper on a car window. “Look at my client.”
Everyone looked at Salander.
“My client grew up in abominable family circumstances.
Over a period of years her father persistently abused her
mother.”
“That’s—”
“Let me finish. Lisbeth Salander’s mother was mortally
afraid of Alexander Zalachenko. She did not dare to
protest. She did not dare to go to a doctor. She did not
dare to go to a women’s crisis centre. She was ground
down and eventually beaten so badly that she suffered
irreversible brain damage. The person who had to take
responsibility, the only person who tried to take
responsibility for the family long before she reached her
teens even, was Lisbeth Salander. She had to shoulder
that burden all by herself, since Zalachenko the spy was
more important to the state and its social services than
Lisbeth’s mother.”
“I cannot—”
“The result, excuse me, was a situation in which society
abandoned Lisbeth’s mother and her two children. Are you
surprised that Lisbeth had problems at school? Look at
her. She’s small and skinny. She has always been the
smallest girl in her class. She was introverted and eccentric
and she had no friends. Do you know how children tend to
treat fellow pupils who are different?”
Teleborian sighed.
Giannini continued. “I can go back to her school records
and examine one situation after another in which Lisbeth
turned violent. They were always preceded by some kind of
provocation. I can easily recognize the signs of bullying.
provocation. I can easily recognize the signs of bullying.
Let me tell you something.”
“What?”
“I admire Lisbeth Salander. She’s tougher than I am. If I had
been strapped down for a year when I was thirteen, I would
probably have broken down altogether. She fought back
with the only weapon she had available – her contempt for
you.”
Her nervousness was long gone. She felt that she was in
control.
“In your testimony this morning you spoke a great deal
about fantasies. You stated, for instance, that Lisbeth’s
Salander’s account of her rape by Advokat Bjurman is a
fantasy.”
“That’s correct.”
“On what do you base your conclusion?”
“On my experience of the way she usually fantasizes.”
“On your experience of the way she usually fantasizes?
How do you decide when she is fantasizing? When she
says that she was strapped to a bed for 380 days and
nights, then in your opinion it’s a fantasy, despite the fact
that your very own records tell us that this was indeed the
case.”
“This is something entirely different. There is not a shred of
evidence that Bjurman committed rape against Lisbeth
Salander. I mean, needles through her nipples and such
gross violence that she unquestionably should have been
taken by ambulance to hospital? It’s obvious that this could
not have taken place.”
Giannini turned to Judge Iversen. “I asked to have a
projector available today …”
“It’s in place,” the judge said.
“Could we close the curtains, please?”
Giannini opened her PowerBook and plugged in the cables
to the projector. She turned to her client.
“Lisbeth. We’re going to look at the film. Are you ready for
this?”
“I’ve lived through it,” Salander said dryly.
“And I have your approval to show it here?”
Salander nodded. She fixed her eyes on Teleborian.
“Can you tell us when the film was made?”
“On 7 March, 2003.”
“Who shot the film?”
“I did. I used a hidden camera, standard equipment at
Milton Security.”
“Just one moment,” Prosecutor Ekström shouted. “This is
beginning to resemble a circus act.”
“What is it we are about to see?” Judge Iversen said with a
sharp edge to his voice.
“Dr Teleborian claims that Lisbeth Salander’s account of
her rape by Advokat Bjurman is a fantasy. I am going to
show you evidence to the contrary. The film is ninety
minutes long, but I will only show a few short excerpts. I
warn you that it contains some very unpleasant scenes.”
“Is this some sort of trick?” Ekström said.
“There’s a good way to find out,” said Giannini and started
the D.V.D. in her laptop.
“Haven’t you even learned to tell the time?” Advokat
Bjurman greets her gruffly. The camera enters his
apartment.
After nine minutes Judge Iversen banged his gavel.
Advokat Bjurman was being shown violently shoving a dildo
into Lisbeth Salander’s anus. Giannini had turned up the
volume. Salander’s half-stifled screams through the duct
tape that covered her mouth were heard throughout the
courtroom.
“Turn off the film,” Judge Iversen said in a very loud and
commanding voice.
Giannini pressed stop and the ceiling lights were turned
back on. Judge Iversen was red in the face. Prosecutor
Ekström sat as if turned to stone. Teleborian was as pale
as a corpse.
“Advokat Giannini … How long is this film, did you say?”
“Ninety minutes. The rape itself went on in stages for about
five or six hours, but my client only has a vague sense of
the violence inflicted upon her in the last few hours.”
Giannini turned to Teleborian. “There is a scene, however,
in which Bjurman pushes a needle through my client’s
nipple, something that Doctor Teleborian maintains is an
expression of Lisbeth Salander’s wild imagination. It takes
place in minute seventy-two, and I’m offering to show the
episode here and now.”
“Thank you, that won’t be necessary,” the judge said.
“Fröken Salander …”
For a second he lost his train of thought and did not know
how to proceed.
“Fröken Salander, why did you record this film?”
“Bjurman had already subjected me to one rape and was
demanding more. The first time he made me suck him off,
the old creep. I thought it was going to be a repeat. I
thought I’d be able to get such good evidence of what he
did that I could then blackmail him into staying away from
me. I misjudged him.”
“But why did you go not to the police when you have such
… irrefutable evidence?”
“I don’t talk to policemen,” Salander said flatly.
Palmgren stood up from his wheelchair. He supported
himself by leaning on the edge of the table. His voice was
very clear.
“Our client on principle does not speak to the police or to
other persons of authority, and least of all to psychiatrists.
The reason is simple. From the time she was a child she
tried time and again to talk to police and social workers to
explain that her mother was being abused by Alexander
Zalachenko. The result in every instance was that she was
punished because government civil servants had decided
punished because government civil servants had decided
that Zalachenko was more important than she was.”
He cleared his throat and continued.
“And when she eventually concluded that nobody was
listening to her, her only means of protecting her mother
was to fight Zalachenko with violence. And then this
bastard who calls himself a doctor” – he pointed at
Teleborian – “wrote a fabricated psychiatric diagnosis
which described her as mentally ill, and it gave him the
opportunity to keep her in restraints at St Stefan’s for 380
days. What a bastard.”
Palmgren sat down. Judge Iversen was surprised by this
outburst. He turned to Salander.
“Would you perhaps like to take a break …”
“Why?” Salander said.
“Alright, then we’ll continue. Advokat Giannini, the
recording will be examined, and I will require a technical
opinion to verify its authenticity. But I cannot tolerate
seeing any more of these appalling scenes at present.
Let’s proceed.”
“Gladly. I too find them appalling,” said Giannini. “My client
has been subjected to multiple instances of physical and
mental abuse and legal misconduct. And the person most
mental abuse and legal misconduct. And the person most
to blame for this is Dr Peter Teleborian. He betrayed his
oath as a physician and he betrayed his patient. Together
with a member of an illegal group within the Security Police,
Gunnar Björck, he patched together a forensic psychiatric
assessment for the purpose of locking up an inconvenient
witness. I believe that this case must be unique in Swedish
jurisprudence.”
“These are outrageous accusations,” Teleborian said. “I
have done my best to help Lisbeth Salander. She tried to
murder her father. It’s perfectly obvious that there’s
something wrong with her—”
Giannini interrupted him.
“I would now like to bring to the attention of the court Dr
Teleborian’s second forensic psychiatric assessment of my
client, presented at this trial today. I maintain that it is a lie,
just as the report from 1991 was a lie.”
“Well, this is simply—” Teleborian spluttered.
“Judge Iversen, could you please ask the witness to stop
interrupting me?”
“Herr Teleborian …”
“I will be quiet. But these are outrageous accusations. It’s
not surprising that I’m upset—”
not surprising that I’m upset—”
“Herr Teleborian, please be quiet until a question is
directed at you. Do go on, Advokat Giannini.”
“This is the forensic psychiatric assessment that Dr
Teleborian has presented to the court. It is based on what
he has termed ‘observations’ of my client which were
supposed to have taken place after she was moved to
Kronoberg prison on June 5. The examination was
supposed to have been concluded on July 5.”
“Yes, so I have understood,” Judge Iversen said.
“Dr Teleborian, is it the case that you did not have the
opportunity to examine or observe my client before June 6?
Before that she was at Sahlgrenska hospital in Göteborg,
where she was being kept in isolation, as we know.”
“Yes.”
“You made attempts on two separate occasions to gain
access to my client at Sahlgrenska. Both times you were
denied admittance.”
Giannini opened her briefcase and took out a document.
She walked around her table and handed it to Judge
Iversen.
“I see,” the judge said. “This appears to be a copy of Dr
Teleborian’s report. What is your point?”
“I would like to call upon two witnesses. They are waiting
outside the courtroom now.”
“Who are these witnesses?”
“They are Mikael Blomkvist from Millennium magazine, and
Superintendent Torsten Edklinth, Director of the
Constitutional Protection Unit of the Security Police.”
“And they are outside?”
“Yes.”
“Show them in,” Judge Iversen said.
“This is highly irregular,” Prosecutor Ekström said.
Ekström had watched in extreme discomfort as Giannini
shredded his key witness. The film had been devastating
evidence. The judge ignored Ekström and gestured to the
bailiff to open the door to admit Blomkvist and Edklinth.
“I would first like to call upon Mikael Blomkvist.”
“Then I would ask that Herr Teleborian stand down for a
while,” Judge Iverson said.
“Are you finished with me?” Teleborian said.
“No, not by any means,” Giannini said.
Blomkvist replaced Teleborian in the witness box. Judge
Iversen swiftly dealt with the formalities, and Blomkvist took
the oath.
“Mikael,” Giannini said, and then she smiled. “I would find it
difficult, if your honour will forgive me, to call my brother
Herr Blomkvist, so I will settle for his first name.”
She went to Judge Iversen’s bench and asked for the
forensic psychiatric report which she had just handed to
him. She then gave it to Blomkvist.
“Have you seen this document before?”
“Yes, I have. I have three versions in my possession. The
first I acquired on May 12, the second on May 19, and the
third – this one – on June 3.”
“Can you tell us how you acquired the copies?”
“I received them in my capacity as a journalist from a
source I do not intend to name.”
Salander stared at Teleborian. He was once more deathly
pale.
“What did you do with the report?”
“I gave it to Torsten Edklinth at Constitutional Protection.”
“Thank you, Mikael. Now I’d like to call Torsten Edklinth,”
Giannini said, taking back the report. She handed it to
Judge Iversen and the procedure with the oath was
repeated.
“Superintendent Edklinth, is it correct that you received a
forensic psychiatric report on Lisbeth Salander from Mikael
Blomkvist?”
“Yes, it is.”
“When did you receive it?”
“It was logged in at S.I.S. on June 4.”
“And this is the same report I have just handed to Judge
Iversen?”
“If my signature is on the back, then it’s the same one.”
The judge turned over the document and saw Edklinth’s
signature there.
“Superintendent Edklinth, could you explain how you
happened to have a forensic psychiatric report in your
possession which claims have analysed a patient who was
still in isolation at Sahlgrenska?”
“Yes, I can. Herr Teleborian’s report is a sham. It was put
together with the help of a person by the name of Jonas
Sandberg, just as he produced a similar document in 1991
with Gunnar Björck.”
“That’s a lie,” Teleborian said in a weak voice.
“Is it a lie?” Giannini said.
“No, not at all,” Edklinth said. “I should perhaps mention
that Jonas Sandberg is one of a dozen or so individuals
who were arrested today by order of the Prosecutor
General. Sandberg is being held as an accomplice to the
murder of Gunnar Björck. He is part of a criminal unit
operating within the Security Police which has been
protecting Alexander Zalachenko since the ’70s. This same
group of officers was responsible for the decision to lock
up Lisbeth Salander in 1991. We have incontrovertible
evidence, as well as a confession from the unit’s director.”
The courtroom was hushed, transfixed.
“Would Herr Teleborian like to comment on what has just
been said?” Judge Iversen said.
Teleborian shook his head.
“In that case it is my duty tell you that you risk being
charged with perjury and possibly other counts in addition,”
Judge Iversen said.
“If you’ll excuse me, your honour,” Blomkvist said.
“Yes?”
“Herr Teleborian has bigger problems than this. Outside
the courtroom are two police officers who would like to
bring him for questioning.”
“I see,” the judge said. “Is it a matter which concerns this
court?”
“I believe it is, your honour.”
Judge Iversen gestured to the bailiff, who admitted
Inspector Modig and a woman Prosecutor Ekström did not
immediately recognize. Her name was Lisa Collsjö, criminal
inspector for the Special Investigations Division, the unit
within the National Police Board responsible for
investigating cases of child pornography and sexual
assault on children.
“And what is your business here?” Judge Iversen said.
“We are here to arrest Peter Teleborian with your
permission, and without wishing to disturb the court’s
proceedings.”
Judge Iversen looked at Advokat Giannini.
“I’m not quite finished with him … but the court may have
heard enough of Herr Teleborian.”
“You have my permission,” Judge Iversen said to the police
officers.
Collsjö walked across to the witness box. “Peter Teleborian,
you are under arrest for violation of the law on child
pornography.”
Teleborian sat still, hardly breathing. Giannini saw that all
light seemed to have been extinguished in his eyes.
“Specifically, for possession of approximately eight
thousand pornographic photographs of children found on
your computer.”
She bent down to pick up his laptop case, which he had
brought with him.
“This is confiscated as evidence,” she said.
As he was being led from the courtroom, S
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